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Preventing Lender Liability: A Cautionary Case Study

May 19, 2022

In lending, the importance of full, transparent and accurate communications with a borrower cannot be overstated. In times of trouble, a lender must closely monitor a borrower’s activities and ensure not only that the lender takes any actions necessary and permissible under its loan documents but also that its borrower is taking the steps necessary to preserve the lender’s collateral.

While a distressed borrower (and sometimes its other creditors) may feel the lender is “giving the borrower advice” or even “taking over”, a lender must remain focused on strictly adhering to the terms of its loan documents, preserving its collateral and ensuring the borrower remains completely independent and in full control of its operations. Rather than taking a “do-it-yourself” approach and risking a result similar to the lender in In re Bailey Tool & Mfg. Co. (discussed below), if a borrower’s control over a business is unacceptable due to mismanagement, fraud or any other reason, the lender should engage with outside counsel to protect its collateral, including a possible receivership or bankruptcy case.

Recent Case Study

The recent opinion issued on December 23, 2021 in In re Bailey Tool & Mfg. Co. (Bankruptcy Court, Northern District of Texas) serves as a textbook example of lender overreach and reminds us of the critical importance of maintaining transparency and independence in lending. To set the stage, in 2014, the borrower asked to exit its existing lender, Comerica Bank. At that time, the borrower had several new business lines, valuable contracts and an enterprise value of approximately $6 million. To accomplish the exit from Comerica Bank, the borrower then entered into discussions with Regions Bank for a new lending arrangement. As part of the move, Regions Bank suggested the borrower utilize a factoring and inventory financing lender for a few months as a “bridge” to get from Comerica Bank over to Regions Bank. One of the companies Regions Bank recommended for factoring was Republic Business Credit, LLC (“Republic”). In March 2015, the borrower ultimately entered into factoring and inventory financing agreements with Republic pursuant to agreements that the Bankruptcy Court described as “not a model of clarity.”

After receiving its first draw request from the borrower, Republic sent over a Borrowing Base Certificate showing ineligible accounts had jumped from $17,000 shown on the pre-closing pro forma Borrowing Base Certificate to $142,310.87 and further showed negative availability of $342,978.27 for purposes of account receivable factoring! By July 2015, Republic caused the borrower to close by refusing to release funds for payroll, causing its employees to walk off the job. In the aftermath, Republic then “became involved in trying to get management of its choosing in the Company and otherwise micromanaging the Company” and began putting pressure on the borrower’s owner to give a lien on his exempt homestead. On one phone call, a Republic loan officer told the principal of the borrower and its financial advisor that he “shut down” the borrower because he was “tired of it” and attempted to convince the financial advisor to assume complete control. The borrower ultimately filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in February 2016 in the hopes of salvaging its business and effectuating a sale or reorganization.

The Cost of Lender Liability

Post-petition, Republic seems to have doubled down on its misbehavior by violating the automatic stay in bankruptcy, refusing to turn over approximately $584,250 of monies that it over-collected from the borrower after completely paying off its loan unless the borrower agreed to give them a release from potential lender liability claims. The delays caused by the refusal to turn over the funds sabotaged the borrower’s efforts to facilitate a sale or reorganization process and caused the bankruptcy cases to convert to Chapter 7. The Chapter 7 Trustee then commenced an investigation into the pre-petition activities and filed a lender liability lawsuit against Republic.  

The Bankruptcy Court ultimately ruled that Republic, among other things, (i) misrepresented the amount of funds available to the borrower, (ii) charged excessive, undisclosed fees and penalties, and (iii) refused to turn over funds and took complete control of the borrower’s finances, causing the Company to completely shut down. Republic was held liable for $17 million in damages as well as over $700,000 in Chapter 11 and Chapter 7 administrative expenses, i.e. it was forced to pay for the entire cost of the bankruptcy proceedings.

Lender Negligence in Other Cases

While an extreme lender liability case like In re Bailey is rare, adverse lender liability rulings do happen with some frequency. Before In re Bailey, there were a number of other cases that resulted in lawsuits against lenders:

These cases serve as additional reminders to lenders to steer clear of the kind of behavior shown in the Bailey case. Or, in the words of one veteran workout counsel: “If it feels good… don’t do it!”  


Varnum’s Banking, Finance and Restructuring Practice Team provides critical guidance and support to its lender clients throughout all stages of the lending relationship, including working with troubled borrowers, not only in workouts but also in litigation and bankruptcy when necessary. Let us add value to your lending teams as you work to provide competitive solutions to your borrowers while managing portfolio risk.

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